Entomological
Communication
Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(2):
Biological control of Brevicoryne brassicae by release of Coccinella septempunctata on Alfalfa plant, Medicago sativa
Habeeb. M.
1Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, 12618 Egypt
ABSTRACT
The
KEY WORDS: COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L., BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (L.), ALFALFA PLANTS, MEDICAGO SATIVA L. BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL.
ARTICLE INFORMATION:
*Corresponding Author: hmalsolami@gmail.com Received 28th May, 2016
Accepted after revision 24th June, 2016 BBRC Print ISSN:
Thomson Reuters ISI SCI Indexed Journal NAAS Journal Score : 3.48
© A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2016. All rights171 reserved.
Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/
Habeeb et al.
INTRODUCTION
The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom- optera: Aphididae) is a key pest of various cruciferous crops like cabbage, cauliflower, kale and other such Brassicae species. Cause inflict damage to plants in a number of ways, including malformation of various m2, parts, gall formation, destruction of foliage, stunted growth, leaf curling, obstruction in assimilation, wilt- ing and sometimes collapse of a m2,. This aphid is considered one of the most damaging and consistently present pest on cabbage crops (Theunissen, 1989). They are also known to be the vectors of various m2, viruses (Brunt et al., 1996;
The
The present work has been aimed to evaluate the management of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassi- cae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting alfalfa plants (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) by releasing different levels of the seven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella sep- tempunctata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MASS REARING OF THE
Mass rearing of A. craccivora as a prey
A. craccivora is considered the most preferable prey for mass production of C. septempunctata. Strong culture of this aphid should be available during the rearing time to maintain the predator rearing process.
The broad bean, Vicia faba seeds were planted in plas- tic trays (25X 40X15 cm) or foam trays (60X25X20 cm with 109 wholes) contained peat muss. The seeds were planted at
The infested trays were followed until the population of A. craccivora increased and become suitable for using as prey to the ladybird, C. septempunctata.
A. craccivora colonies were cultured under laboratory conditions (23±2ºC and 60±5% R.H.) on broad beans (Vicia faba). Such leaves of beans were infested by dif- ferent stages of aphids and kept under a glass chimney which its upper opening was covered with white muslin. The potted plants were irrigated and fertilized whenever necessary and kept in wooden cages (100X135X135 cm) with nylon gauze sides using the method described by (Mangoud, 2003 and Mangoud and Mahyoub, 2013).
A. craccivora and C. septempunctata instars were originally collected from an agricultural field.
Mass rearing of C. septempunctata
When the population of A. craccivora increased and reached to suitable density individuals (approximately 100 individuals/m2,) on faba bean plants these plants were inoculated with C. septempunctata. The stock cul- ture of ladybird was obtained from infested plants and
transferred to laboratory. Only 10 adult Ο+ 10 adult Ο of
+
ladybird (to prevent larval cannibalism) were transferred to rearing cages (30 cm diameter X 25 cm high) and kept in wooden cages (100X135X135 cm) with nylon gauze sides. To maintain the predator culture, a suitable number of the prey was daily offered to the predator (Mangoud et al., 2013).
Egg picking
The method for egg laying [black polyethylene strips fixed inside a plastic cylindrical (10 cm length X 2 cm diameter) for laying eggs and put in the rearing pots]. After laid
RELEASE OF C. SEPTEMPUNCTATA
Releasing study was conducted on alfalfa plants grown in Jeddah City during February of the two successive years (2012 and 2013). The selected plants for the present inves- tigation were away from any pesticide contamination. An area of 1/4 feddan of each crop was divided into 20 plots, each of approximately 50 m2. The plots were arranged in randomized block with four replicates for each treatment, and another four replicates as control.
Naturally, the numbers of C. septempunctata stages were rare, therefore, three levels of C. septempunctata eggs; first level consists of 30 eggs (one card), second level consists of 60 eggs (two cards) and the third one consists of 90 eggs (three cards) were released to encour- agement the normal predator population to reduce the aphid. C. septempunctata were released (one time), by the beginning of February on alfalfa plants in 2012 sea- son and repeated in the same time in 2013 season.
Samples were randomly taken
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The percent reduction of aphid after C. septempunctata released was calculated according to Henderson and Til- ton equation (1955).
The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by L.S.D. test at 0.05 level, using SAS program (SAS Institute, 1988).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The
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plants and aphids may attract these species (Fleming, 2000).
RELEASE OF C. SEPTEMPUNCTATA
Three levels of C. septempunctata eggs; first level (30 eggs on one card), second level (60 eggs on two cards) and the third level (90 eggs on three cards) were released (one time), by the beginning of February during 2012 and 2013 on alfalfa m2,s.
First year (2012)
First level of release (30 eggs/m2)
In first level of release (30 eggs/m2), the
The results in Fig. (1) indicated that the number of B. brassicae in the 1st release plot decreased gradually from 75 on the 1st February to 60, 57, 52, 50 and 48 individu- als/m2, on
Second level of release (60 eggs/m2)
In second level of release (60 eggs/m2), the
The results in Fig. (1) indicated that the number of B. brassicae in the 2nd release plot decreased gradually from 71 on the 1st February to 52, 48, 39, 28 and 19 individu- als/m2 on
In third level of release (90 eggs/m2)
In third level of release, the
The results in Fig. (1) indicated that the number of
B.brassicae in the 3rd release plot decreased gradu- ally from 65 on the 1st February to 42, 37, 30, 20 and
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FIGURE 1. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 1st plot release at level (30 eggs) of the
11individuals/m2, on
61individuals/ m2, on
94and 101 individuals/m2, in the same dates, respec- tively). In addition, the results show that the percent reduction of B. brassicae in 3rd release plot increased gradually to reach 42.0, 53.7, 68.0, 80.0 and 89.8% on
These results are in agreement with those obtained by Mangoud, (2009) the
septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important predator of aphids play a good role in reduc- ing the population density of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Homoptera : Aphidi- dae) attacking apple trees.
Second year (2013)
Also, three levels of C. septempunctata eggs; first level (30 eggs on one card), second level (60 eggs on two cards) and the third level (90 eggs on three cards) were released (one time), by the beginning of February on alfalfa plants during 2013.
FIGURE 2. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 2nd plot release at level (60 eggs) of the
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FIGURE 3. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 3rd plot release at level (90 eggs) of the
First level of release (30 eggs/m2)
In first level of release (30 eggs/m2), the
The results in Fig. (2) indicated that the number of B. brassicae in the 1st release plot decreased gradually from 81 on the 1st February to 65, 63, 54, 48 and 45 individu- als/m2, on
results show that the percent reduction of B. brassicae in 1st release plot increased gradually to reach 25.9, 33.2, 45.0, 53.8 and 61.0% on
Second level of release (60 eggs/m2)
In second level of release (60 eggs/m2), the
The results in Fig. (2) indicated that the number of B. brassicae in the 2nd release plot decreased gradually from 79 on the 1st February to 57, 51, 43, 29 and 19 individu-
FIGURE 4. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 1st plot release at level (30 eggs) of the
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FIGURE 5. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 2nd plot release at level (60 eggs) of the
L.and the corresponding %reduction of the aphid density on alfalfa plants, Medicago sativa L. during 2013 season.
FIGURE 6. Fluctuation in the population numbers of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the 3rd plot release at level (90 eggs) of the
L.and the corresponding %reduction of the aphid density on alfalfa plants, Medicago sativa L. during 2013 season.
Table 1: Percent reduction of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) after releasing the
als/m2 on
In third level of release (90 eggs/m2)
In third level of release, the
The results in Fig. (2) indicated that the number of B. brassicae in the 3rd release plot decreased gradually from 55 on the 1st February to 35, 31, 22, 15 and 8 individu- als/m2, on
Statistical analysis show highly significant differences between the three releasing levels (30, 60 and 90 eggs/ replicate) of C. septempunctata predator in reduction B. brassicae (F = 148.3, P>0.05 and LSD was 1.41, respec- tively during 2012 year). Also, during 2013 year statisti- cal analysis show highly significant differences between the three releasing levels (30, 60 and 90 eggs/replicate) of C. septempunctata predator in reduction B. brassicae (F= 293.2, P>0.05 and LSD were 1.14) (Table 1).
These results are in agreement with those obtained by Mangoud (2013) who stated that the
These results are in harmony with those obtained by Hoyt and Madsen (1960) found that the control of aphid species complex is complicated by the continue dispersal of aphids from the roots to the aerial portions of the tree, and a corresponding dispersal in the opposite direction. Release C. septempunctata adopted here can cope very well with this behaviour. Brar and Kanwar (1994) in field experiments in India found Coccinella septempunctata was an effective predator against Aphis craccivora infest- ing fenugreek germplasm.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to deanship of Scientific Research – King Abdulaziz University for funding this research and for providing the facilities to carry out this
Habeeb et al.
research work. We are also thankful to all our colleagues and friends in Hada
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